Individual access to the instances of African Protection System for the Protection of Human Rights and Peoples

Marília Aguiar Ribeiro do Nascimento

Abstract


Th is article aims to analyze and refl ect on the individual’s access to instances of protecting African System of Protection of Human Rights and Peoples, namely, the African Commission and African Court of Human Rights and Peoples. First, we present a brief reference to the individual as subject of international law and then expounded on the instances of protection of African System Protection, analyzing, directly, the individual’s access to these instances and on citing case law. Finally, we undertook a comparative analysis of individual access to three regional systems of protection. Th rough legal dogmatics, we demonstrated that there is an individual right to demand before the Commission and African Court, however, such access does not allow the unconditional and full realization of this right, as this, the African Court can only be exercised if the Respondent has recognized the Court’s jurisdiction to appreciate individual claims, optional clause of jurisdiction, which hinders the exercise of this right, since, in practice, no violator state has an interest to recognize the Court’s competence to be sued. We also conclude that in the three regional systems of protection of human rights, the European system is more democratic, as it guarantees direct access to any person within its jurisdiction.

Keywords


Direito Internacional, sistema africano de proteção dos direitos do homem e dos povos, acesso do individuo.

References


AFRICA UNION. [Site]. Disponível em:

org>. AFRICAN COURT ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’

RIGHTS. [Site]. Disponível em:

>. Acesso em: 13 jun. 2010.

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL. Proteger les droits

humains: outils et mécanismes juridiques internatonaux.

[S.l]: Éditions du Juris-Classeur, 2003.

BAR RETO, Irineu Cabral. A convenção européia dos

direitos do homem anotada. 3. ed. Coimbra: Coimbra Ed., 2005.

BEKKER, Gina. Th e African Court on Human and

Peoples’ Rights: Safeguarding the Interests of African

States. Journal of African Law, v. 51, n. 1, p. 151–172, 2007.

BRITO, Wladimir. Direito internacional público. Coimbra:

Coimbra Ed., 2008.

COUILLARD, Valérie et al. Th e fi ght for Human Rights

in Africa: perspectives on the African Commission on

Human and Peoples Rights. [S.l: s.n], 2008.

DOEBBLER, Curtis F. J. Th e African Union and the new

pan-africanism: rushing to organize or timely shift : A

complex ambiguity: the relationship between the African

Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and Other

African Union Initiatives Aff ecting respect for Human

Rights. Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems.

n. 13, 2003.

DUARTE, Maria Luísa. A convenção européia dos

direitos do homem: a matriz europeia de garantia dos

direitos fundamentais. In: CAMPOS, J. Mota de (Coord.).

Organizações Internacionais. 2. ed. [S.l]: F. C. Gubekian,

GARCIA, Emerson. Proteção internacional dos direitos

humanos: breves refl exões sobre os sistemas convencional

e não-convencional. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Lumen Juris, 2009.

MACHADO, Jónatas E. M. Direito internacional:

do paradigma clássico ao pós-11 de setembro. 3. ed.

Coimbra: Coimbra Ed., 2006.

MARTORANA, Carolyn Scanlon. Th e new African

Union: will it promote enforcement of the decisions of

the African Court of Human and Peoples Rights? George

Washington International Review, n. 40, 2008.

MELLO, Celso D. de Albuquerque. Curso de direito

internacional público. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2004.

MOCO, Marcolino José Carlos. Direitos humanos e seus

mecanismos de proteção: as particularidades do sistema

africano. Coimbra: Almedina, 2010.

MOHAMED, Abdelsalam A. Individual and NGO

participation in Human Rights litigation before the

African Court of Human and People´s Rights: Lessons

from the European and Inter-American Couts of

Human Rights. Michigan State University-DCL Journal of

International Law, Michigan, 1999.

MUBIALA, Mutoy. L’accès de l’individu à la Cour Africaine

des droits de l’homme et des peuples. In: PROMOTING

justice, human rights and confl ict resolution through

international law: liber amicorum lucius cafl isch. 2007. p. 369-378.

MUBIALA, Mutoy. Le système régional africain de

protection des droits de l´homme. Bruxelles: Établissements

Émile Bruylan, 2005.

MURRAY, Rachel. A comparison between the African

and European Courts of Human Rights. African Human

Rights Law Journal, v. 2, n. 2, p. 195-227, 2002.

MURRAY, Rachel. Decisions by the African Commission

on Individual Communications under the African

Charter on Human and Peoples Rights. International &

Comparative Law Quarterly. Local, v. 46, issue 2, p. 412-

, 1997.

MURRAY, Rachel. Th e African Charter on Human and

Peoples Rights 1987-2000: an overview of its progress and

problems. African Human Rights Law Journal, Local, v. 1,

n. 1, p. 1-18, 2001.

MUTUA, Makau. Th e African Human Rights Court: A

two-legged stool? In: HUMAN rights quarterly: the Jonhs

Hopkins University. 1999.

ODINKALU, Anselm Chidi. Proposals for the review

of the rules of procedure of Th e African Commission of

Human and People Rights. In: HUMAN Rights Quarterly. 1993.

ODINKALU, Anselm Chidi; CHRISTENSEN, Camilla.

Th e African Commission on Human and People´s Rights

: Th e development of its non-states Communication

Procedures. In: HUMAN Rights Quarterly, Th e Johns

Hopkins University. 1998.

OUGUERGOUZ, Fatsah. Th e African Charter on Human

and Peoples’ Rights: a comprehensive agenda for human

dignity and sustainable democracy in Africa. 2003.

OURGUEGOUZ, Fatsah. Separate opinion of judge

Fatsah Ouguergouz. Disponível em:

org/fileadmin/documents/Court/Latest_Judgments/

English/SEPARATE_OPINION_OF_JUDGE_FATSAH_

OUGUERGOUZ.EN.PDF>. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2010.

PIOVESAN, Flávia. Direitos humanos e justiça

internacional: um estudo comparativo dos sistemas

regionais europeu, interamericano e africano. São Paulo:

Saraiva, 2007.

SARKIN, Jeremy. Th e role of the United Nations, the

African Union and Africa’s Sub-Regional Organizations

in Dealing with Africa’s Human Rights Problems:

connecting humanitarian intervention and the

responsibility to protect. Journal of African Law, v. 53, n.

, p. 1-33, 2009.

TRINDADE, Antônio Augusto Cançado. A Personalidade

e Capacidade Jurídicas do Indivíduo como Sujeito do

Direito Internacional. In: ANNONI, Danielle (Org.). Os

novos conceitos do novo direito internacional: cidadania,

democracia e direitos humanos. Rio de Janeiro: América

Jurídica, 2002.

UDOMBANA, Nsongurua J. An African Human Rights

Court and an African Union Court: a needful duality or

a needless duplication? Brooklyn Journal of International

Law, n. 28, 2003.

UDOMBANA, Nsong urua J. So far, so fair: the local

remedies rule in the jurisprudence of the African

Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. American

Journal of International Law, n. 97, 2003.

UMOZURIKE, U. O. Th e African Charter on Human and

People´s Rights, Ni gerian Institute of Advanced Legal

Studies. n. 25, 1992.

UMOZURIKE, U. O. Th e African Charter on Human

and People´s Rights: Suggestions for more eff ectiveness.

Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law:

golden gate university school of law, spring 2007.

VILJOEN, Frans. A Human Rights Court for Africa and

Africans. Brooklin Journal of International Law, 2004.

WRIGHT, Rebeca. Finding an Impetus for Institutional

Change at the African Court on Human and People´s

Right. Berkeley Journal of International Law, n. 24, 2006




DOI: https://doi.org/10.5102/rdi.v9i1.1560

ISSN 2236-997X (impresso) - ISSN 2237-1036 (on-line)

Desenvolvido por:

Logomarca da Lepidus Tecnologia